No. If you have phase 1, 2, 3 (in that order), and phase 1 is the highest voltage at the instant a switching event occurs (causing a power surge), the surge voltage will be highest in phase 1. For polarity to change, you would need phase 2 to instantaneously change to greater than 1, which will not happen.
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Permanent magnet field motors. With a these motors, a permanent magnet is used to replace the field coil. DC power is connected via the brushes, to the armature only. Reversing the polarity, will cause the motor to reverse its direction of rotation. It is very common to use a switch to intentionally reverse to the polarity, to allow reversal of the motor if desired.
No changes will occur by wiring a 110 volt motor in reverse polarity, rotation will always be the same. Some single phase motors are designed to be reversed ,but that is a function of the relationship of start windings and capacitors and requires some wiring changes in a motor junction box or an end terminal housing, not by just changing the incoming power.
the power leads were wired wrong
You slowly decrease the power of the electromagnets.
No. Motors can be run in either direction, clockwise or counter clockwise. However, mechanically spinning an electric motor will generate electric power.