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Devices used to open an electrical circuit are called OCPD's. (overcurrent protection devices) The most common are circuit breakers and fuses. In commercial motor starters they often employ another OCPD called a "heater" (UK thermal fuse) which is a metal strip which melts like the element in a small fuse when too much current (amps) go through it. They devices are in the circuit primarily to protect the wiring and devices they power. Circuit breakers such as in your home panel do protect you from a "shorted" circuit. Another safety and most common in residences are GFCI's or ground fault circuit interrupters (UK ELCB, Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker or RCD, Residual Current Detector) which come as both a receptacle (female plug) or as a circuit breaker.

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Q: What is the name of a safety device that will shut off flow of electricity?
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