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Modern Cybernetics is usually considered to date from the work of Norbert Wiener. Whilst designing control systems, Wiener considered how a human would reach for an object - continually adjusting his hand until he reached the object. He formulated this behaviour mathematically and realised that he could use the same equations to describe how a man reaches for a cup and for a missile reaching a target.
Wiener used Cybernetics to describe this approach to problems; by comparing how Man (nowadays, "animals" is the term usually used) solves problems with how to solve them mechanically.
The principle technique of cybernetics is feedback; to take an extreme example, consider trying to land a space probe on a particular site on Mars. This is achieved to within a few kilometres on an object millions of kilometres away - an astonishing level of accuracy - like hitting a pinhead from a hundred miles away. At first look, this might seem impossible, but the probe is measuring the difference between where it is and where it wants to be (the error) and correcting for it (feeding back the error).
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What has the author Stafford Beer written?
Stafford Beer has written: 'Stafford Beer Classics Library (Classic Beer S.)' 'An essay on operational research' 'The scope for operational research in industry' -- subject(s): Operations research 'The irrelevance of automation' 'Platform for change' -- subject(s): Cybernetics, Operations research, System theory 'Cybernetics and industry' 'Cybernetics and management' -- subject(s): Industrial management, Cybernetics 'The theory of operational research' 'Operational research and personnel management'
What has the author Guy Jumarie written?
Guy Jumarie has written: 'Subjectivity, information, systems' -- subject(s): Cybernetics, Information theory, Relativity (Physics), System theory
What is cybernetics the study of?
Cybernetics is the study of connecting control systems, electrical network theory and mechanical engineering or Cyberware. Examples of Cybernetics are cyborgs which are part mechanical and part organic robots, robotic implants and prosthetics.
When was Cybernetics Society created?
Cybernetics Society was created in 1968.
When was Media Cybernetics created?
Media Cybernetics was created in 1981.
When was Cybernetics Guardian created?
Cybernetics Guardian was created in 1989.
What is the meaning of cybernetics can you give me an answer in relation to human ecology.?
Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of complex systems, especially communication processes, control mechanisms and feedback principles. Cybernetics is closely related to control theory and systems theory, but both in its origins and in its evolution in the second-half of the 20th century, cybernetics is equally applicable to social (that is, language-based) systems. Cybernetics is always and only involved when the system under scrutiny is involved in a closed loop, where action by the system in an environment causes some change in the environment AND that change is manifest to the system via information/feedback that causes changes in the way the system then behaves, and all this in service of a goal or goals. This "circular causal" relationship is necessary and sufficient for a cybernetic perspective.
When was American Society for Cybernetics created?
American Society for Cybernetics was created in 1964.
What has the author William Ross Ashby written?
William Ross Ashby has written: 'Mechanisms of intelligence' -- subject(s): Cybernetics 'Design for a brain' -- subject(s): Brain, Calculators, Cybernetics, Behavior, System theory, Mathematical models, Physiology, Central nervous system, Neurophysiology
What has the author Peter Calow written?
Peter Calow has written: 'Controlling environmental risks from chemicals' -- subject(s): Pollution, Environmental aspects of Pollution, Environmental aspects, Risk assessment 'Invertebrate biology' -- subject(s): Invertebrates 'Biological machines' -- subject(s): Biological control systems, Cybernetics, Information theory in biology, biomedical cybernetics, biological cybernetics 'Evolutionary Principles (Tertiary Level Biology)'
What has the author Leonas Kacinskas written?
Leonas Kacinskas has written: 'Cybernetics in the USSR' -- subject(s): Cybernetics
Where cybernetics protector are implemented?
defence
