A battery is made with chemicals that will react with each other in a particular way, and which, if you arrange things just right, will generate electricity in so doing. Thus, you do not put electricity into a battery, you put chemicals into a battery, and they make electricity.
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The details are a bit complicated, but the basic idea - what happens with respect to energy - is that the battery has chemical energy stored in it; through certain chemical reactions, this energy is released as electrical energy, i.e., a current.
Goes from the positive end of a battery to the negative end of the battery and is a circuit.
Its put in there by a magical leprechaun that kills a unicorn and puts the magic that's in its horn in the battery.