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Lithography (from the Greek word for stone) is a process invented in the late 18th century by Alois Senefelder. The matrix is either limestone or a metal plate treated to simulate stone. The artist can draw on the smoothed surface with a wide range of litho crayons, paint with liquids, scratch into the drawn areas, and manipulate the image in innumerable ways. Lithography affords the artist a wide range of graphic and painterly freedom. The image is printed by chemically treating the stone to ensure that the drawn areas attract ink while the unmarked areas repel it. Ink is then rolled over the stone, printmaking paper set in place, and a scraperbar pulled across the paper to transfer the ink to the paper. Lithography is called a planographic process because, unlike relief or intaglio, all the ink remains on the surface plane of the matrix.

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