Osmosis
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Excess calcium is moved between interstitial fluids and blood via active transport by calcium pumps in cell membranes. Excess potassium is moved through the Na+/K+ pump that actively transports potassium ions out of cells and into the blood in exchange for sodium ions.
The color of potassium permanganate does not disappear when excess is added because it is a self-indicating compound. When there is excess potassium permanganate present, it remains in its colored form (purple) to signal that the reaction is complete or that there are no reducers left to interact with.
The excretion of potassium in the urine is known as kaliuresis. This process helps regulate potassium levels in the body by removing excess potassium from the bloodstream.
Potassium iodide is added in excess to ensure that all available lead nitrate has reacted to form lead iodide. This helps to maximize the yield of lead iodide and ensures that there is no excess lead nitrate remaining in the solution.
When excess potassium iodide is reacted with chlorine, the solution changes from colorless to dark brown due to the formation of Iodine (I2). Excess potassium iodide reacts with chlorine to form iodine, which imparts the dark brown color to the solution.
One mole of calcium phosphide on reaction with excess water produces calcium hydroxide and phosphine gas. This reaction can be represented as Ca3P2 + 6H2O → 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3.