Autonomic hyperreflexia

Answer 1

Definition

Autonomic hyperreflexia is a reaction of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system to overstimulation. This reaction may include high blood pressure, change in heart rate, skin color changes (paleness, redness, blue-grey skin color), and excessive sweating.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The most common cause of autonomic hyperreflexia is spinal cord injury. In this condition, types of stimulation that are tolerated by healthy people create an excessive response from the person's nervous system.

Other causes include medication side effects, use of illegal stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, Guillain-Barre syndrome (a severe form of paralysis that can lead to respiratory failure), subarachnoid hemorrhage (a form of brain bleeding), severe head trauma, and other brain injuries.

The following conditions share many similar symptoms with autonomic hyperreflexia, but have a different cause:

• Carcinoid syndrome -- a disease caused by abnormalities of hormone-producing cells in the lungs and the gut
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome -- a condition characterized by muscle stiffness, high fever, and drowsiness, which can be caused by some medications
• Serotonin syndrome -- an abnormal release of serotonin, a brain chemical
• Thyroid storm -- a condition caused by too much production of thyroid hormone

Symptoms

Symptoms can include any or all of the following:

• Anxiety or apprehension (fear)
• Bladder or bowel dysfunction
• Blurry vision
• Fainting
• Fever
• Flushing (skin turning red)
• Goose bumps
• Heavy sweating
• Irregular heart beat
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Muscle spasm
• Nasal congestion
• Throbbing headache

Sometimes, despite a dangerous rise in blood pressure, there are no symptoms at all.

Signs and tests

• Dilated pupils
• Flushed (red) skin above the level of the spinal cord injury
• High blood pressure
• Slow pulse or fast pulse

The doctor will do a complete neurological and medical examination. Patients must tell their doctor all medications they are currently taking and all medications they've taken in the past, to help determine which tests are necessary.

Tests may include:

• Blood and urine tests
• Brain pictures including head CT or MRI
• EKG (measurement of the heart's electrical activity)
• Lumbar puncture
• Spine pictures, particularly MRI
• Tilt-table testing (testing of blood pressure regulation as body position changes)
• Toxicology screening (tests for any drugs, including medications, in the patient's bloodstream)
• X-rays

Treatment

This condition is life-threatening, so it is important to quickly identify and treat the problem.

A person with symptoms of autonomic hyperreflexia should:

• Sit up and raise their head
• Remove tight clothing

Proper treatment depends on the cause. If medications or drugs are causing the symptoms, those drugs must be stopped. Any underlying illness that is causing the symptoms needs to be treated. For example, the health care provider will check for a blocked urinary catheter and signs of constipation.

If a slowing of the heart rate is causing the symptoms, drugs called anticholinergics (such as atropine) may be used.

Very high blood pressure needs to be treated quickly but carefully because a sudden and severe drop in blood pressure is possible, and can also cause problems. Commonly used emergency drugs for high blood pressure include: nifedipine (Procardia), nitroglycerin, phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (Dibenzyline), mecamylamine (Inversine), and diazoxide (Hyperstat).

A pacemaker may be required for certain unstable heart-related situations.

Expectations (prognosis)

The outlook depends on the underlying cause. People with autonomic hyperreflexia due to medications usually recover when the medications that are causing the symptoms are stopped. When the condition is caused by other factors, recovery depends on the success of treating the underlying disease.

Complications

Complications may occur as a result of side effects of medications. If the pulse rate drops severely, it can cause cardiac arrest.

Prolonged, severe high blood pressure may cause seizures, bleeding in the eyes, stroke, or death.

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of autonomic hyperreflexia.

Prevention

Prevention of autonomic hyperreflexia includes avoiding medications that cause this condition or make it worse. In people with spinal cord injury, the following may also help prevent this complication:

• Avoid letting the bladder become too full.
• Keep pain levels low.
• Practice proper bowel care to avoid stool impaction.
• Practice proper Skin Care to avoid bedsores and skin infections.

References

Khastgir J, Drake MJ, Abrams P. Recognition and effective management of autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cord injuries. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8:945-956.

Kirshblum SC, Priebe MM, Ho CH, Scelza WM, Chiodo AE, Wuermser LA. Spinal cord injury medicine: 3. Rehabilitation phase after acute spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:S62-S70.