HPO = High Positive Offset
without offset
What does ceded premium mean
The premium is the cost that you must pay to have the insurance.
none voltge
Non-zero initial condition is called DC offset. DC offset is bad, and needs to be removed by HP filter as they cause distortion, non-linearity. If the mean/average amplitude of the wave is zero it has no DC-offset.
yes, but they require that you only run Premium fuel. The savings on mileage is offset by the extra cost of the fuel, and its not worth it.
offset
yes
A premium listing is an enhanced advert on the Rightmove site.
Premium is an amount to be paid for an insurance policy or something given as an award.
Bonds issued at a premium offer an interest rate that is above the market interest rate. Typically, a bond issuer offers a premium interest rate to offset higher risk associated with a bond offering that has a low credit rating. A purchaser of a bond offered at a premium will receive a higher interest rate but will incur a higher degree of credit risk.