Why is a liquid used in a car's braking system?
A liquid is used because it cannot be compressed.
Remember the scientific qualities of the three states of matter.
Solids have a definite shape and volume. Liquids have a definite
volume, but not a definite shape. Gases can not only take the shape
of a container like liquids, but with compression, a wide variety
of different volumes of gas can fit into the same sized
container.
Now, you want a 1:1 relationship with the medium in the brake
lines and for it not to compress. The reason you bleed the brakes
is to get the air out so the brakes won't be spongy, since any air
in the lines can be compressed. As hard as the brakes are to
operate, a significant amount of air would mean that nothing would
happen when you press the brakes. The air would absorb the pressure
and the fluid past the air would never get the necessary amount of
pressure to operate the brakes.
Now trucks do use air brakes, but the system is too bulky to be
practical in cars, and not as responsive. They employ a number of
workarounds and tricks to make the system work. For instance, most
brakes in tractor-trailers require air to release, not apply. That
way, they can be much more responsive, since they are operated by
heavy springs and the air fights the pressure of the springs. So
the brakes are not always prompt in releasing. For the brakes to
work in the trailer, there is a relay system, where a separate air
tank under the trailer is kept charged, and thus the lines from the
truck signal when to use the air from that tank. That is because
the distance from the auxiliary tank under the trailer is much
closer to the trailer air brakes than to the air tank in the
truck.