Power assisted disc brakes.
No, they use foot operated rear brakes, as on all bikes. Some riders, Mick Doohan for instance tried a rear brake that was operated by a button on the left handlebar....
yes there is hand operated rear brakes
Hydraulically operated wheel brakes,
vacuum assisted disc brakes
Airbrakes on commercial aircraft are hydraulically operated.
A disc brake is type of brake there a rotating disc (AKA rotor) is pinched between two brake pads mounted in a caliper to make the wheel stop turning. There are two ways to make the brake pads pinch the rotor; hydraulic and mechanic/cable operated. With mechanical/cable operated brakes the cable basically turns a screw which pushes one brake pad towards the other, pinching the rotor and slowing the bike down.
Pumping gently will reduce friction, produce less heat and help the brakes last a little longer. This procedure is not recommended if you have a truck with air operated brakes.
if it is hard to press on the brakes it usually indicates that you have a malfunctioning brake booster. Since brake boosters are vacuum assisted, it could also be that you have a disconnected vacuum hose or a leaking hose.
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I am almost positive those are cable operated, so no fluid necessary.
The throttle cable goes from the 'gas' pedal to the carburetor or throttle body to control the speed of the engine. On cars the brake cable goes to the emergency brake, on some motorcycles the brake cable goes to the brakes. (The main brakes for cars and some motorcycles are hydraulically operated, not by a cable.)