I am not sure but it may be chronologist.
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Scientists who study time are generally known as chronobiologists. They explore biological rhythms and how they are influenced by time-related factors such as light and temperature.
the study of time itself is called Horology so I'd think they would be a horologist
a person who studies time travel or time altering is called a chronoportationologist
Scientists who study rainbows are called atmospheric scientists or optical physicists. They study the physics behind the formation and properties of rainbows, including how light is refracted, reflected, and dispersed in the atmosphere to create this colorful phenomenon.
Somnology or hypnology
They are called astronomers.
People who study light are called "optical scientists" or "optical physicists." They research and study the properties, behaviors, and applications of light, which is a vital aspect of physics and engineering disciplines.
A weather scientist is called a meteorologist.