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Prostoglandins are chemical mediators. These are released from mammalian cells and effect the cells in their immediate viccinity. They produce what's known as an inflammatory response. Prostoglandins are found in cell membranes, they are released due to injury. They cause the dilation of small arteries and arterioles and increase the permeability of the capillaries. They affect neurotransmitters and blood pressure and hence pain sensation.
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What class of biological molecule are the prostoglandins?
Prostoglandins are lipidic substances.
What hormone is most involved in labor?
oxytocin high estrogen concentration in late pregnancy increases the concentration of oxytocin receptors on the smooth muscle of the uterus (the myometrium), increasing the myometrial sensitivity to oxytocin and this will eventually lead to spontaneous labour prostoglandins also stimulate uterine contraction relaxin, secreted by the placenta, and the corpus leuteum of pregnancy, softens the cervix and the pelvic ligaments, making it easier for the baby to pass through the cervix and vagina
When you hit your head why do you get a bump?
AnswerWhen you bump your head you cause damage to various cells that make up your tissues. Consequently, the cells release prostoglandins, and other molecules including vasodilators and constrictors, that activate an immune response. Specifically they modulate a non-specific inflammatory response, which in a nutshell causes increased blood flow to the damaged area (simplified version). The whole purpose of the increased blood flow is to allow the transport of critical immune molecules (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes) to the site of damage so that they may begin the repair process.
When you hit your head what causes the bump?
When you bump your head, you cause damage to various cells that make up your tissues. Consequently, the cells release prostoglandins and other molecules, including vasodilators and constrictors, that activate an immune response. Specifically, they modulate a non-specific inflammatory response, which, in a nutshell, causes increased blood flow to the damaged area (simplified version). The whole purpose of the increased blood flow is to allow the transport of critical immune molecules (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes) to the site of damage so that they may begin the repair process.
What kind of poison do bees have?
Bee venom is quite complex. It has an acidic base, mainly formic acid, but this is only an irritant. The body's biggest reaction is caused by the peptides (small protein molecules) which include:Melittin, which is a strong anti-inflammatory agent and induces the production of cortisol.Apamin, which is a neuro-toxin and increases cortisol productionin the adrenal gland.Phospholipase A2, which degrades the phospholipids from which cell walls are made causing the cells to break open. It also causes reduced blood pressure and inhibits blood coagulation. It also triggers the production of prostoglandins which regulate the body's inflammatory response.Hyaluronidase, which dilates the capillaries, causing the spread of inflammation.Histamine, which is involved in the allergic response.Dopanime and noradrenaline, which increase the pulse rate.Protease inhibitors, which act as anti-inflammatory agents and stop bleeding.As can be seen, putting household chemicals on a sting site in an attempt to neutralize the sting is futile, and could even do more harm than good.
What does Low granulocytes?
Gran is short for granulocyte. The White Blood Count (WBC) in a blood test result is broken down into Granulocytes (GRAN) and Lymphocytes (LYM). White blood cells are part of the immune system. An elevated level of granulocytes is indicative of a bacterial infection. Granulocytes are less specific in the type of cells they attack so they can cover a broader range of infection. They are involved in the breakdown of tumor cells while promoting the repair of damaged tissue. They are also involved in the release of histamine which causes the release of prostoglandins which is responsible for the inflammatory process which occurs in the presence of infection by bringing more blood to the area as well as preventing microbes from leaving the area before they can be destroyed & thus are responsible for the prevention of infection by way of a physical barrier. A low level of granulocytes should be followed-up with additional testing to determine the reason. The immune system is highly dependent on many different things working together. The white blood cells are made by bone marrow & a low level in and of itself doesn't point to anything specific however, it is very important to have a follow-up visit to your doctor along with additional blood work in order to determine the cause. As with many of the maladies to which the human body is subject the vast majority have a better prognosis when detected early. God Bless, Maegi
If I am 38 weeks 2cm dilated 80 percent effaced baby's head is engaged I am nauseated and have been having loose stools for the past few days How much longer till I go into labor?
I am 39 weeks and 3 days Im a good 2.5 cm and 80 percent effaced. your baby could come in a day or 10 days....it all comes down to when baby wants to come he/she will come. you could dialate from a 2 to 5 over night.....or you could be a 2 for 2 more weeks...there is no way of telling. Your best bet to help you along the way is sex. Seamen has patosin in it which is the same thing doctors use to induce labor. but of course its a much smaller dose. Also walking helps because while your up walking around gravity is pulling the baby down further and further! be patient!!! and know your baby cant stay in there forever!!!!=) it'll be soon! Seman has prostoglandins in it which is what is used in the hospital to soften/ripen your cervix. Your cervix is normally a solid muscular structure. When your cervix starts to soften(ripen), elongate, and thin, this is effacement. Pitocin is the synthetic form of your body's natural hormone called oxytocin which is released from the brain in response to certain triggers, such as nipple stimulation. Pitocin is used to initiate contractions in the uterus to induce labor. I am pregnant with my first, and I am 36 weeks + 5 days, just had an appointment this moring, and I am 2cm dilated, and 50% effaced and my midwife told me that I probably wouldn't make it to my next appointment or my due date. I am going to physically prepare for an early delivery, but am mentally shooting for my due date. Babies come when babies want to come. You can help yourself by staying active unless your doctor says otherwise, and of course having sex with your honey.
What are the steps in the inflammatory process?
The inflammatory process involves several steps: 1) injury or infection triggers release of chemical mediators like histamine, 2) blood vessels dilate and become more permeable, allowing white blood cells to reach the site, 3) white blood cells phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells, and 4) tissue repair and healing occur.
What triggers a inflammatory response?
The inflammatory response is triggered by the presence of harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. This can activate the immune system to release chemicals that promote blood flow to the affected area, leading to redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
You see stars when you get up too fast?
AnswerWhen you bump your head you cause damage to various cells that make up your tissues. Consequently, the cells release prostoglandins, and other molecules including vasodilators and constrictors, that activate an immune response. Specifically they modulate a non-specific inflammatory response, which in a nutshell causes increased blood flow to the damaged area (simplified version). The whole purpose of the increased blood flow is to allow the transport of critical immune molecules (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes) to the site of damage so that they may begin the repair process.
Is paracetamol addictive?
Paracetamol, known as acetaminophen in the United States, is a painkiller that is popular throughout the world because it is remarkably safe and it does not irritate the stomach. Paracetamol was first discovered to have both analgesic and antipyretic properties in the late nineteenth century. Prior to this, cinchona bark, which was also used to make the anti-malaria drug quinine, had been used to treat fevers. As cinchona became scarcer, people began to look for cheaper synthetic alternatives. Two of these alternative compounds were acetanilide and phenacetin, developed in 1886 and 1887 respectively. By this time, Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesized acetaminophen in 1878 through the reduction of p-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid.In 1893, the white, odourless crystalline compound with a bitter taste that became known as paracetamol was discovered. Initially, paracetamol was found in the urine of patients who had taken phenacetin and in 1889 it was demonstrated that paracetamol was a urinary metabolite of acetanilide. These discoveries, however, failed to attract much attention and were largely ignored at the time.It was not until 1948, when Brodie and Axelrod established that paracetamol was a major metabolite of both acetanilide and phenacetin, that paracetamol experienced a resurgence of interest. As a derivative of p-aminophenol, paracetamol corresponds to the active principal metabolite phenacetin. It was commonly assumed at the time that their rapid conversion by the body into paracetamol was actually responsible for the therapeutic effects of both of these medicines. It was eventually ascertained that phenacetin had its own pharmacological action and was not dependent on paracetamol for its effects. Because a high proportion of phenacetin is converted into paracetamol in the liver, however, phenacetin required a large dosage to achieve any direct analgesic effect.In 1956, 500mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom and its popularity as an over-the-counter analgesic rapidly increased. This popularity was partly explained by the fact that paracetamol was proven to be easier on the stomach than some other analgesics. Paracetamol gradually became combined with both analgesics and oral decongestants.Paracetamol works as a weak prostaglandin inhibitor. It achieves this by blocking the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals involved in the transmission of the pain message to the brain. In this regard, paracetamol is different from Aspirin and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) in that it blocks the pain message at the brain and not at the source of the pain, as the others do.Structually, paracetamol is similar to aspirin. They are both recognised by the same enzyme, which is called cyclo-oxygenase (COX). Cyclo-oxygenase serves as a pain activator, amplifying the degree of pain experienced in order to let the body know that there is a problem. It is this enzyme that is responsible for the biosynthesis of prostoglandins. By reducing the amount of prostaglandin available for synthesis, paracetamol helps relieve headache pain by reducing the dilation of the blood vessels that cause the pain. Paracetamol, however, only inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis in the central nervous system (CNS) with little or no effect on peripheral tissues.Paracetamol is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including instances of tension headache, migraine headache, muscular aches, neuralgia, backache, joint pain, rheumatic pain, general pain, toothache, teething pain, and period pain. It is suitable for most people, including the elderly and young children, because it has very few side effects. Paracetamol is used to treat osteoarthritis, a type of non-inflammatory arthritis due to the "wear and tear" of the joints, because of its analgesic properties and its lack of gastrointestinal side effects. It can also help with the pain experienced by sufferers of arthritis.Paracetamol is an antipyretic that can reduce fever by affecting the part of the brain known as the hypothalamus that regulates the temperature of the body. This is why paracetamol is included in many cough, cold and flu medications. Specifically, paracetamol has been given to children after they have been given vaccinations in order to prevent them developing post-immunisation pyrexia, or fever.Paracetamol can be used by patients for whom NSAIDs are contraindicated, including those with asthma or peptic ulcers. Because there are few interactions with other medications, paracetamol can be taken by people with sensitivity to aspirin. Cholestyramine, which lowers high cholesterol, may reduce the rate at which paracetamol is absorbed by the gut, while Metoclopramide and Domperidone, which are used to relieve the symptoms of stomach disorders, may have the opposite effect and should be used with caution. Paracetamol has shown no propensity to be addictive, even in people who use it frequently. Long-term or regular use of paracetamol may, however, increase the anticoagulant activity of warfarin or similar anticoagulant medicines so caution may be required in these instances.Some research suggests that it may protect the arteries from the changes that lead to hardening of the arteries, which can cause strokes, heart attacks or cardiovascular disease. This is because paracetamol can inhibit the oxidation of some of the low-density lipoproteins that carry 'bad' cholesterol, counteracting the process that causes the formation of arterial plaque. There is also some evidence to suggest that paracetamol may offer some protection against ovarian cancer.Paracetamol, however, is not useful in reducing inflammation or the swelling of the skin or joints. This is because paracetamol has no clinically useful anti-inflammatory properties.The body rapidly absorbs Paracetamol, with the soluble form being absorbed even faster than the solid tablets. As the paracetamol is metabolised, the peak blood level remains less than 20mg/litre after a standard adult 1000mg dose. Blood serum levels will normally peak between half an hour to two hours after ingestion. The analgesic properties of paracetamol will last for around four hours. Paracetamol has a half-life of about two hours, after which it will rapidly be expelled from the body.Paracetamol is primarily metabolised in the liver. Paracetamol and its two primary metabolites are remarkably safe compounds. About 90% of the dose of paracetamol will be combined with glucuronide and sulphate before being excreted. Of the remaining 10%, about 5% will leave the body unchanged and the other 5% will be oxidized to benzoquinoneimine. The benzoquinoneimine is then combined with glutathione and becomes metabolised on to cysteine and mercapturate compounds before being safely excreted via the kidneys.Because they have heard that a large dose of paracetamol can damage the liver, some people mistakenly believe that a small dose of paracetamol must therefore be able to cause minor damage to the liver. Taken long-term, in proper therapeutic doses, the liver and other organs should not be harmed by paracetamol.
