b. valence electrons
d. electrons needed to fill their octet
2 valence electrons (apex)
...chemical properties.
as the elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons, their chemical properties will be similar (with few exceptions of course)
All alkaline earth metals loss two electrons.
Look at the position of Pb in the periodic table and the postion of the Alkali Earth metals. Alkali Earth Metals are in noble-gas configuration when they are doubly charged cations. Lead however is on the right hand side, and would like to have more electrons to get into that stablest configuration; making the bonds in lead-compounds more covalent -and stronger- in nature. Insoluble compounds have lattice enthalpies higher than the enthalpy of solvation. Now since Alkali Earth metals like to be in ionic states; their compounds will dissolve in general more easily than the same compounds with lead, since usually the lattice energy of lead compounds is much higher (In case of insoluble compounds higher than the energy that would be released upon solvation, which thus doesn't occur).
2 valence electrons (apex)
Alkaline earth metals have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons in their outermost energy level, leading to similar chemical reactivity and bonding behavior. These metals also have similar atomic and ionic radii, which affects their physical properties such as melting points and densities. Additionally, alkaline earth metals share common oxidation states and form similar types of compounds with other elements.
Two elements that would have similar properties are calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Both elements are alkaline earth metals, have similar reactivity, and form similar compounds. Additionally, they have similar atomic structures with two electrons in their outer shell.
Strontium and barium are two elements that have similar properties to calcium because they belong to the same group in the periodic table (group 2 alkaline earth metals) and exhibit similar chemical behavior due to having the same number of valence electrons.
Because the elements of the column have similar chemical properties and follow trends in the columns
because they have similar properties to the other elements in their groups
Members of the alkaline earth elements have two electrons in their outermost energy level, giving them similar chemical properties. They are all shiny, silvery-white metals that are relatively reactive and form alkaline solutions when they react with water. They are found in group 2 of the periodic table and have similar physical properties such as high melting and boiling points.
All alkaline earth metals loss two electrons.
Elements have more similar properties when they are found in the same column. Elements in the same column, also known as group or family, have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons. Elements in the same row, also known as period, have different properties because they have different electron configurations.
Beryllium (Be). This is because on the periodic table Be is located in the same group (column) as Calcium and is the highest element in that column. Elements of the same group have similar properties and their masses decrease the higher they are in the group.
Alkaline earth metals have similar properties because they all have two valence electrons, which makes them highly reactive and inclined to form ionic compounds. They are shiny, silvery-white in appearance, and have low densities and melting points compared to other metals. Additionally, they are good conductors of electricity and heat.
Elements in the same group have similar properties because they have the same number of valence electrons. In contrast, elements in the same period do not necessarily have similar properties, as their chemical behavior is determined by the number of electron shells they have.