b. valence electrons
d. electrons needed to fill their octet
2 valence electrons (apex)
...chemical properties.
as the elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons, their chemical properties will be similar (with few exceptions of course)
All alkaline earth metals loss two electrons.
Look at the position of Pb in the periodic table and the postion of the Alkali Earth metals. Alkali Earth Metals are in noble-gas configuration when they are doubly charged cations. Lead however is on the right hand side, and would like to have more electrons to get into that stablest configuration; making the bonds in lead-compounds more covalent -and stronger- in nature. Insoluble compounds have lattice enthalpies higher than the enthalpy of solvation. Now since Alkali Earth metals like to be in ionic states; their compounds will dissolve in general more easily than the same compounds with lead, since usually the lattice energy of lead compounds is much higher (In case of insoluble compounds higher than the energy that would be released upon solvation, which thus doesn't occur).
2 valence electrons (apex)
Because the elements of the column have similar chemical properties and follow trends in the columns
because they have similar properties to the other elements in their groups
These elements have similar chemical and physical properties.
Sulphur and helium have entirely different properties. Sulphur has properties similar to group 16 elements. Helium has properties similar to group 18 elements.
All elements in group 16 share similar properties because their valence shells all contain the s2p4 electron configuration.
Elements in the same group (column) have the same properties. All the elements in group one have similar properties. All the elements in group two have similar properties. And so on...
b. valence electrons d. electrons needed to fill their octet
The elements in the same groups usually do. Elements in the same group have same number of valence electrons and hence have similar chemical and physical properties.
Elements in the same group have similar properties. The groups are made according to the properties of elements. Elements in a group have an equal number of valence electrons.
Elements with similar physical and chemical properties are located in a group.
The elements in a group have the similar chemical properties dueto presence of same no of electrons in their outermost shell but they differ physically because physical properties are related to their atomic sizes from top to bottom in a group atomic size increases so their physical properties also differ.