No. The electrostatic process requires a electrical circuit to be made which will not happen on a painted surface.
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Depending on how much paint is on the painted metal part you should be able to rub the polyurethane off the painted metal with compound and a buffer. It might be better to start by hand rubbing it first rather than firing up a machine that can cut through the paint you are trying to save.
The surface wasn't completely clean. As the paint dried it stretched and pulled apart on the grease. Using a primer first may have stopped this from happening or several thin coats. I assume you sprayed it.
If you're trying to determine if a surface is painted with either oil or latex paint, wipe the surface with a rag moistened with denatured alcohol. It has to be denatured. Not rubbing and not Captain Morgan. Denatured. If the paint transfers to the rag, then it's latex. If nothing transfers over, or it just cleans off the chalked paint on the surface, then it is most likely an oil based paint. If you don't have denatured alcohol, you can use Xylene; however, this could cause the oil based paint to crinkle.
Yes . It depends on the metal and (or) preparation of surface .
There are some water based coatings that will adhere to an oil based surface without using a primer; however, an oil or acrylic-based primer, used as a bridge, will allow you to paint latex over an oil-base paint trouble free.