a powerful military
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Inca roads were important for several reasons. Firstly, they facilitated trade and communication across the vast Inca Empire, enabling the movement of goods and information. Secondly, they played a crucial role in the administrative control of the empire, helping the Inca rulers maintain their authority and collect tribute from different regions. Lastly, the roads were used for military purposes, allowing for the rapid mobilization of troops and aiding in the expansion and defense of the empire.
The Persian Empire stretched from Asia Minor to India, and included many conquered nations. A strong army was important to maintaining the Persian Empire's power for many reasons. Firstly, the army helped to conquer to new lands for the empire. Secondly, they helped deter any possible uprisings or revolutions among the conquered nations. Thirdly, they helped maintain the peace throughout the empire.
In the second century, the Roman Empire did not face many problems. There was political stability and the economy of the empire, which had developed thriving trading networks, was doing well. During what historians call the Crisis of the 3rd Century, the Romans faced continuous invasions at very distant points along the vast frontiers of their empire. The army managed to repel them, but came under great strain and became overstretched. This led to a period of military anarchy. Many of the emperors were military commanders who had been proclaimed emperors by their troops. There was a rapid turnover of emperors. Many emperors were murdered, some of whom were killed even by their own troops. There were also 35 usurpers who tried to seize the imperial title or parts of the empire. There was also a deep economic crisis caused by hyperinflation.
the establishment and rapid growth of permanent settlements
The Roman Empire suffered a long, slow, but finally sure decline between the 3rd and 5th centuries C.E. for various reasons. The lack of consistently strong and wise leadership at the highest levels was one reason. The social disunity caused by religious dissension and conflict was another. Quite distinctly, the growing strength and confidence of Rome's aggressive neighbors to the north and east was perhaps the most significant, as these "barbarians" steadily encroached upon Roman territory and wealth with increasing success.