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There are many forces which will tend to create a convergence between the interests of stockholders and managers, and thus cause managers to be interested in maximizing a corporation's profits or value:

a. Competitive pressures could lead to stock price declines for nonperforming company, and again result in take overs, proxy contest, etc.

b. In many corporations, management remunerations are tied to the performance and managers frequently are awarded stock options which gain value as the price of shares rises. Thus, managers will have an interest in maximizing stockholder welfare.

c. Corporate shares are not only owned by widely dispersed stockholders but by large institutional holders such as: banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, pension funds, etc. These organizations employ analysts who continually study stock performance. Nonperforming companies would be sold from these institutions' portfolios, and lead to decreased prices of these stocks. This could lead to the dismissal of present management.

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What are the forces that causes the managers to act in the interest of the shareholders?

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