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The budgetary unit of an organization which is led by a manager who has both the authority over and responsibility for the units performance is known as?
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∙ 9y ago
Verified answer
This budgetary unit is known as the control center.
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∙ 9y ago
Anonymous
Control center
What economic changes did Warren G. Harding make as a president?
Harding put the federal government on a budget system. He balanced the budget, cut taxes at all levels, and paid down the National Debt. The result was an economic boom. Coolidge followed the Harding program and accomplished greater budgetary soundness. Harding's policies worked iln the early 1920s, and would work in the 21st century if politiians had the foresight and guts to emplement such economic reforms.
Which branch is the leader of the military?
No branch of the Military Service is the leader of the military. Consider some of the following leadership elements:The President of the US (Executive Branch) is the elected Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces.The Secretary of Defense is a political appointee who deals with budgetary matters, organization, strategic defense planning and the big picture.The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff provides the Commander in Chief with the very best military advice available and this post has been held by members of the Army, Navy, Air Force and the Marine Corps.The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Agency (NSA) and other government agencies provide a variety of inputs to support the military.The Army is the largest branch in terms of numbers.The Navy and the Air Force share first place in total available destructive power.The Navy and th Air Force equally share the need to transport a US presence to anywhere in the world and this is where a power and position as leader of the military starts to get fuzzy. After all if the military can't reach the point of conflict rapidly and with all the tools it needs, then it is an incomplete and ineffective force.The UK became an Empire and a world presence based on a projection of Naval power to distant shores and the ability to secure and hold that ground.The US Navy mimics this profile of force projection supported by a Corps of Marines capable of securing a sustainable beachhead anywhere, Seals for Special Operations and a Fleet that is capable of and able to put boots on the ground anywhere in the world within 48 hours.No service holds a pre-eminent position.Each Branch provides a single slice of the pie that makes up an effective and complete national defense system. At it's core is the strength and mass of the US Army and the focal point of the Army is the individual rifleman.
How was Athenian democracy different from American democracy?
In almost every way. We have to remember that the idea of Athens as 'the birthplace of democracy' was an invention of 19th century poet Lord Tennyson, who was trying to drum up support in Western Europe for the Greek rising against its Turkish Ottoman overlords. In reality, Athens' democracy consisted of a number of (usually carefully orchestrated) mass meetings on subjects that the rulers thought important enough - a sort of referendum, really. These would be about things like war or peace, or the appointment of a general or admiral in times of war. And then there was jury duty, also in mass meetings. That was it , basically. Athens indeed was the birthplace of philosophical and scientific thought in Europe. But for all its attributed fame as the birthplace of democracy, in reality it always was and remained an oligarchy, ruled by the members of a small group of powerful families. There were no democratic institutions like a Congress with well-defined constitutional powers and apart from the war leaders mentioned above, there were no elected public officials, no elected leadership, no checks and balances or budgetary restraints. Women had no political (or other) rights at all, and males only could vote or do jury duty if they were free-born and had citizen status. The US system only has the word 'democratic' in common with what Athens was later said to be. Oh yes, and the concept of plebiscites on very important subjects that they have in several US States.
Are libraries open on sundays?
Generally yes, but many cities and towns have restricted library hours due to budgetary problems. Many governmental bodies will cut the most useful services first, to punish voters for not approving higher taxes or to encourage voters to support more taxes, even if the savings (such as libraries and public parks) are quite small. This is true at the Federal level as well; whenever there's a budget conflict, the Washington Monument is the first thing shut down to "save money". Check with your local library to see what their operating hours are.
How was living and working conditions in 1880-1910?
In the US the progress of worker safety and reforms of worker conditions on the jobsite have greatly improved since the industrial revolution and today. The 1880's saw the expansion of machine technology for manufacture. Advances in the acquisition of natural resources for the making of iron and steel advances the development of machinery for production of everything from bridges to dresses. The rise in production speed and variety created a rise in demand for wage workers which also fed the economy in a circular route wherein paid workers fed the growth of the machine age not only with their labor, but also with the dollars they earned. Of course wages and working condition improvements were considered costs that the capitalist owner had to avoid or keep as low as possible so as to not have it cut into their cost of production. Therefore, workers generally worked for very low pay and in very unsafe conditions. In addition, it wasn't until later in the second decade of the last century that workers began to understand firstly that a huge gap existed between the earnings of those who owned production and those who toiled to make that production pay out. Also the accumulation of worker accidents and the brutal results, whether death and dismemberment, brought attention to the need for safer working conditions and the question of who was responsible for providing safe working conditions. In those days it was quite common for the ownership class which owned most newspapers and had a hand in most government affairs, to pass off injuries as due to worker carelessness. While deaths of workers or serious injury could throw a family into starvation from loss of income, the ownership class had the ability to discard injured workers when they no longer served their profit. Also, workers that managed to survive accidents and had at least enough of themselves left to work at something usually had to bear the permanent pain or disability and work for whatever they could manage just to provide themselves room and board. Almshouses and orphanages often held the dispossessed children and mothers from households broken apart by the poverty caused by the main wage earner's death or disability. Children often had to forgo school to supplement poverty wages in most worker families, in a family that bore a workplace injury that burden fell especially hard. Social justice organizations cropped up to answer to the poverty caused by worker injury and economic displacement. These organizations would assist workers and their families as an act of charity, but their work was limited by their budgetary constraints and oftentimes limited by the personal prejudices of the "relief" organization. Benevolent organizations also cropped up, you still see some today such as the Elk's Club or the Schriner's. Larger organizations like the Odd Fellows or local Granges for farm workers, were all over the country. In many older cities you will often find a building with the insignia of linking rings and the proclamation "Odd Fellows Hall" underneath. These organizations acted like insurance companies where members dues went into a general fund to cover burial costs and also some relief for the families of workers injured or killed on the job. Unfortunately, they usually followed large manufacturers and relied on the participation of all members. If dues or membership fell short, obviously the compensation pool went lacking. In the early part of the century workers began to unite together to advocate for all sorts of reforms in the working world that we today take for granted such as the 8 hour day, the 40 hour week, lunch and break periods, time clocks, regular paydays and most importantly, the government regulated fund to cover workers in the case of injury know now as worker's compensation. Workers compensation was argued among big business owners and the organizations representing workers for over two decades, with mild reforms adopted along the way. But the greatest reform and the beginning of the growth of the working middle class, was when President Franklin Roosevelt passed the Social Security Act of 1935. The act laid down the infrastructure for the development of Social Security and the widow's pension which allowed workers to have a small sum of money to live on after they had spent their bodies in labor. The widow's pension would allow for women to have something to live on should their husband pass away before her, this was important as most women did not work outside of the home and if they did, women's work did not pay enough for even one person to live on. Within the Social Security Act was passed the Worker's Compensation Law which provides for a fund, regulated by states, which will pay workers a certain (pre determined) amount depending on the type of injury, for injuries proven or that they agree, happened on the jobsite. In order to pass this legislation, worker's groups (labor groups and unions) agreed to waive their right to sue in exchange for the guarantee that workers would receive some compensation for injuries that occur during work. The system is far from perfect. The socialists and communists, who were the driving force behind worker's rights and reforms in the early part of the century wanted more for the workers, but the privileged class had more sympathy and sway with the government and so we have what we have. Most people fail to understand worker's compensation and how it works and many cases still go unreported and compensation due doesn't get paid out. As stated above, the states regulate worker's comp and are allowed to set their own "ratings" for injuries, thus determining the payouts rates. Pay outs for injuries are usually given as a portion every week or month until the worker improves and can go back to work. To discourage fraud, worker's compensation is only a small portion of the worker's total paycheck and in some states the lag between the injury and time of payout can be so long as to sometimes throw a worker into crisis anyway. Out of the Social Security Act came the development of the Office of Social Security to administer the programs under it and then it later developed into the Health and Human Services Department and the Social Security Department that we have today. A myriad of programs are run out of these offices which focus on providing for the general welfare of the people, based on the idea that a healthy and safe population has far more value than a starving, injured and sickly one. Also, in the social movements of the 1960's and 70's, a federal agency was finally developed to oversee worker safety on the job. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration was formed. OSHA regulates jobsite safety, makes laws related to jobsite safety and also administers enforcement and punishment of violators. Stripped of a lot of its funding since the 1980's, the OSHA offices have had a very hard time keeping up with worker safety and worker accidents have steadily increased in the last decade of the last century and still are today. In addition, the Labor Department had been developed as governmental agency that develops and oversees all issues relating to workers, they monitor and regulate compliance with employer laws and worker protections. They also have suffered severe cuts in funding since the 1980's. As a result the time line between reporting a labor problem and resolution is longer and longer resulting in workers not even bothering to report exploitation or abuse, or not getting the redress they deserve. We've come a long way, but keeping working conditions humane and safe is a continual struggle against the desire of the owners of production to maximize profit and minimize what they consider "loss".
Define budgetary control and discuss the objectives of introducing a budgetary control system in your own organization What are the advantages and limitations of budgeting?
Methodical control of an organization's operations through establishment of standards and targets regarding income and expenditure, and a continuous monitoring and adjustment of performance against them is called Budgetary control.
What is authority of incumbent?
Defines limits of jobholder's decision-making authority, direct supervision, and budgetary limitations.
Characterstics and essentials requirements of good budgetary control system?
Essentials of budgetary control:1) Establishment of budgets for each function and section of the organisation.2) Continuous comparison of the actual performance with that of the budget so as to know the variations from budget and placing the responsibility of executives for failure to achieve the desires results as given in the budget.3) Taking suitable remedial action to achieve the desired objective if there is a variation of the actual performance from the budgeted performance.4) Revision of budgets in the light of changed circumstances.
Who is responsible for budgetary control?
It's the Finance Ministry who is responsible for budgetary control. The Ministry is assisted by Finance Secretary,Central Bank, Planning Commission. But the overall responsibility is bestowned upon the Finance Ministry.
What are non-budgetary control techniques?
Non-budgetary control techniques include management by objectives, quality management programs, performance appraisals, and balanced scorecards. These techniques focus on measuring and improving performance through goals, standards, and feedback rather than specific financial targets.
Budgetary control system?
Budgetary Control concerns itself with the total costs for each department. Each variance is the responsibility of the official who is in charge of the department in which it arises. This official must then explain the cause of the variance and take to prevent its recurrence.
Requirement of effective budget and budgetary control system?
An effective budget and budgetary control system requires clear and specific goals and objectives, accurate and reliable financial information, regular monitoring and evaluation of actual performance against budgeted targets, and timely and appropriate corrective actions. It also requires active engagement and participation of all stakeholders, effective communication and coordination, and a culture of accountability and responsibility throughout the organization.
What has the author Philip John Higgins written?
Philip John Higgins has written: 'Budgetary control in the North West Water Authority' -- subject(s): North West Water Authority
What budgetary control responsibilities should the frontline manager have?
A manager for a corporation should not have signing authority. This opens the door to risk of money mismanagement and theft.
What steps can be taken to prevent budgetary slack?
budget slack can be prevented by good alignment between budgeting process and the organization's strategy which achieved by communication and coordination between top management and line managers or strategic business units to ensure that all line managers have the same perspective about achieving the organizational goals.good implementation of budgetary control also plays a role in preventing budgetary slack.
What is a budget report used for?
1.Budget helps to know the future results, 2.budgetary control technique helps to compare the estimated results with actual results. 3.budgeting focuses on standards or objectives. 4.budget helps subordinates to to compare their performance with budgetary standards and can do self appraisal. 5.through budgeting managers can allocate resources to departments according to their budgetary allocation. 6.budget help to improve coordination between various departments. 7.budgetary control helps to use the principle of management by exception by giving more attention to departments where actual operations and target deviate from budgetary standards.
What are the behavioral Implications of Budgeting?
behavioural implications of budgeting are, budgetary slack and participative budgeting. budgetary slack tends to happen when the manager of division wants their performance looks good, but in the wrong way by padding the budget. therefore, they looks like "beat the budget". participative budget can cause delay andvacillation.
