Ch3cooh
A buffer solution is one involving a weak base/weak acid with its conjugate acid/base. In a buffer solution, the pH must be changed to only a small amount. Thus, any solution with a STRONG acid or a STRONG base is not a successful buffer solution because there would be a relatively large change in the initial pH.
Benedict's solution
When adding or distrackting H+ to a buffer solution the pH value will almost not change (in lower or higher pH values) as much as would have been expected when added to nonbuffered solution. This is because of the buffering action of the buffer compound mixture: a pair of both one weak acid and it's counterpart weak basic salt (conjugated, e.g. acetic acid and acetate).
Normally, when HCl is added to a solution, pH decreases by a large factor. However, because a buffer solution is a weak acid, the effect on the pH on the solution will be considerably less. To understand why, see http://michele.usc.edu/java/acidbase/acidbase.html
When there is a buffer present, the buffer makes it difficult to change the pH of a solution. Say for instance a buffer keeps the pH around 6.5 +/- 0.2 . The buffer only works when the pH is in this range. If too much acid or too much base is added, taking the pH out of this range the pH will change quickly, even if only a little extra base or acid is added to the solution.
Sodium carbonate and and sodium hydrogen carbonate form a buffer solution.
HF
The mixture Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 is a buffer in the range 9,2-10,8 pH.
metals and salts that precipitate it - e.g silver nitrate would remove OH ions from solution. Acids would also tend to remove OH ions from solution
A buffer solution is one involving a weak base/weak acid with its conjugate acid/base. In a buffer solution, the pH must be changed to only a small amount. Thus, any solution with a STRONG acid or a STRONG base is not a successful buffer solution because there would be a relatively large change in the initial pH.
The buffer solution is used to calibrate the meter. Usually two buffer solutions are used to do this. One is close to the range of the sample that will be measured, like the 7.0 buffer that you mention could be used for aquarium water. The other solution would be more acidic, like a 4.0 buffer solution. The process is to calibrate in one solution, rinse the probe, then calibrate in the other solution. This back and forth is done until the meter is reading the desired buffer and is stable. In other words, you would finish with the 7.0 buffer solution when it is reading exactly 7.0 PH, with no further adjustments after switching from the 4.0 solution. The probe should be rinsed with PH neutral DI water and shaken dry between each between each measurement so that solutions are not mixed. The storage solution is used to store the glass probe for long periods of time. A few drops of storage solution should be dripped into the probe cap before replacing it for storage. The storage solution is just a buffer that has some anti-bacterial additives to keep stuff from growing in it. The calibration buffer can be used for short term storage though. The glass probe should NEVER be allowed to dry out for long periods and should be rinsed with DI water before storage. It should NOT be stored in DI water though. Only buffer solution or storage solution should be used.
The unknown substance would have to be a basic solution. At least more basic than the initial solution. The pH scale ranges from 0,Most acidic, to 14, Most Basic. If the pH of your solution increases when the unknown substance is added, then it would lead you to believe that the added substance is of a basic nature.
Water is a physical object and is therefore a substance. Pure water, however, is not a solution or a mixture. Water with dissolved solutes would be a solution and mixture.
it is called a buffer. there would be minimal change in pH value if this solution is added
They will not. Breathing slowly and shallow for a while could be a way of doing this. Being injected with a basic substance could do but would be fatal. Blood is a buffer solution so the change in pH will be limited in any case, as it should be.
This is an example of a buffer solution. if the sulfuric acid were added to a plain glass of water, it would have a massive change in pH. However, the buffer action of the oxalate-oxalic acid solution will decrease this change to something very minor (demonstrably to only hundredths or thousands, if the solution is made well, of the change it would have on pure water).
Benedict's solution