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onocogenes.

Process:

-PO (proto-oncogenes) are moved (closer to promoter/enhancer)

-More PO is made

-Proteins are made in excess (in more excess if it's been in excess from

previous step)

-Mutations at pts

-At PO, causing increase expression

-At coding gene, causing gene protein to resist degeneration

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Q: Viruses and chemical exposure can cause mutations in proto-oncogenes which can lead to?
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Can mutations occur in jellyfish?

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i think that most of the mutated genes have more then one thing wrong with them


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Mutagens cause changes, or mutations, in genetic material like DNA. Some mutagens include:Chemical agents like benzene can metabolize with animal cells to create mutagens.X-rays can damage DNA.Some bacteria and viruses can inhibit DNA repair mechanisms.Carcinogens are mutagens that have the effect of causing cancer.


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Mutations are very common in all organisms. There are various mechanisms of repair in most cellular organisms that detect and correct these mutations both as they occur and afterwards. Viruses are very simple organisms and contain very few proteins. Repair mechanisms are limited to the simplest mechanisms of the host cell. Since much fewer of the mutations are repaired, it is easy for a mutation to become permanently incorporated into a virus genome. Viruses also frequently use single stranded DNA or RNA, in which case mutations are much harder to detect, even for the simple repair mechanisms that may take place during the host cell's replication processes.

Related questions

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