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There are three ways microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) can enter the urinary tract. The most usual is through the urethra, the passage between the bladder and the outside world. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are more common in women than men because womens' urethras are much shorter than mens'. Women often contract UTIs after sexual activity because the friction pushes the bacteria up into the urethra. Poor immune function and sugar in the urine makes diabetics more susceptible to yeast infections of the bladder and urethra.

The second avenue of entry is through the bloodstream. Kidney abscesses (perinephric), for example, can form from bacteria that has traveled through the blood from another site and lodged in the kidney. The third path is spread from infection in a nearby area. For example, an infection in the retroperitoneal area (where the kidneys reside) could spread to affect the kidneys and ureters, or a ruptured perirectal abscess could spread infection to the urethra.

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Q: How do microorganisms enter the urinary tract?
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