65 ft on WWII carriers, except Midway class, where it was lowered to about 50 ft to make the ship less vulnerable to Japanese radar. Modern carriers' flight decks are 80-90 ft above water. I've served as a jet pilot on all three classes, but recall exactly the "on-deck altimeter setting" for the Lexington (WWII) classes.
There is a flight deck on an aircraft carrier but, it is not an aircraft carrier as there are many other ships that have flight decks on them. The amphibious assault ship is a good example.
The flight deck...
90
About 80 feet.
Approximately 800 feet.
It is the aircraft carrier that has a runway called a flight deck.
approximately 60 feet
60 feet
Yes. Falling on the non-skid flight deck surface is painful, however, so it's easier just to play catch.
All of the risks associated with powered flight, combined with the risks of taking off from and landing on a very small flight deck which is moving at sea.
The superstructure refers to the structure above the flight deck. It contains most of the command and control operations of the carrier. To be clear, the superstructure (usually referred to as the "island") contains the ship navigation and control command center, as well as the aircraft communications and landing control centers. The combat information center (where all combat-related information and decision are located) is located aft, several decks below the flight deck. In general, for ships, "superstructure" refers to anything above the main deck, which is the flight deck on an aircraft carrier.
There is a lever inside the cockpit which allows the pilot to fold the wings to minimze the footprint of the aircraft when parked on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier.