There are many known syntheses of phenol. However, a few simple
ones are:
1) hydrolysis of chlorobenzene:
- chlorobenzene + water --> phenol + hydrochloric acid
2) oxidation of toluene:
- toluene + oxygen --> phenol + carbon dioxide + water
3) oxidation of benzene with nitrous oxide:
- benzene + nitrous oxide --> phenol + nitrogen