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Why is it said that Rome was 'a republic in name'?

Updated: 8/18/2019
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This is a statement regarding the type of democracy of the Roman Republic. It is based on a wrong assumption that a republic should be a liberal democracy. This is incorrect. A Republic is a state which is not governed by emperors, kings or queens or aristocrats (such as princes in principate or dukes in duchies). That's all. Most of today's countries are republics and many of them are authoritarian states, dictatorships or totalitarian states. Moreover, the Roman Republic was designed to prevent anyone from concentrating power in their hands.

The nature of democracy in the Roman Republic was very limited. It was an oligarchy. All Roman citizens had the right to vote. However, the voting system of the most important popular assembly (the Assembly of the Soldiers) was stack heavily in favour of the rich. The senate was an advisory body. Yet, it was the most powerful political body. It advised on policy and usually the consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic, heeded its advice. It had the power to issue decrees in certain circumstances. It also supervised the treasury and the governors of the provinces (the conquered territories) were chosen from among the senators. It was not an elected body. It was composed of aristocrats and former officers of state. The latter were picked from among the members of the aristocracy and the rich entrepreneurial class. It defended the interests of the aristocracy and resisted attempts at reforms which would help the poor. The poor had their own assembly, the Plebeian Council, headed by the plebeian tribunes. However, this was the result of their own struggle, instead of a desire by the rich to give a voice to the poor. The plebeian Council could issue laws, but when these clashed with the interests of the aristocracy, these were fiercely resisted by the senate, sometimes even with the use of violence.

Despite all of the above, it has to be said that political matters were usually freely debated in public during the period of the Roman Republic.

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Q: Why is it said that Rome was 'a republic in name'?
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Who was ancient Rome before the republic?

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