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This question solicits opinions and more than likely will receive a few. Native American encompasses the whole of the Americas, as such the most sophisticated tribe was the Mayans. The Mayans had a fully developed writing system (200 BC); a fully developed math system (36 BC); Astronomy (no date); Urban Planning (Grid structure city planning); fully developed agricultural systems including an agricultural research city. * Evidence exists that "Machu Picchu" was used as an agricultural station for experimentation of crop growth; mainly potatoes, 3,000 varieties. It is estimated the originally cultivated valley of Urubamba was capable of supporting millions before it was destroyed by Spanish Conquest. * Before 1536 Europe had no potato crop, it is now a major staple and produces 9.2 million calories per acre (CPA) and grows in a wider variety of climates than Maize (7.5m CPA) Rice (7.4m CPA), wheat (3m CPA). Humans can derive all required nutritional content from potatoes (with skins) and milk alone, and stay healthy. Potatoes provide protection against colon cancer, it improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, lowers plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, increases satiety and reduces fat storage (Cummings 1996, Hylla 1998, Raban 1994) * Jerky or Beef Jerky originated in this same culture. Meat that goes through this process is much healthier than other forms of meat. Typically 1 oz (30g) of jerky contains 15g of protein and 1 gram of fat. Pemmican is the northern version. * Freeze Drying. This culture also perfected the art of freeze drying fruits, vegetables and meats; their freeze dried potatoes could be stored for 5 or 6 years, and would often grind the potato into a type of flour to make breads which are much healthier. (Indian Givers p.64; Weatherford). * Cocoa & Chocolate was cultivated by this culture for at least 3,000 years. First imported to Europe in 1585, and sold to Cadbury in 1689. The way to process the beans into a usable product has not changed since they invented it 3,000 years ago. Chocolate is beneficial to cardiovascular health, contains twice the antioxidants of red wine and three times more than green tea, and reduces blood pressure. * Birth Control - researchers found a certain red potato eaten by native women who did not want to become pregnant actually worked (it changed their hormonal balance); this was the beginnings of 'the pill' although the natural way did not produce the same unhealthy side effects. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list; much of this information is condensed from another condensed version: Indian Givers; Weatherford ISBN 0-449-90496-2: citing sources. No part of Weatherford's work is used directly.

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Q: Who was the most sophisticated native American civilization?
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