Around 750 million years after the big bang. The oldest galaxy known is IOK-1 [See related link]
Galaxies occur solar systems that formed after the universe exploded.
At some moment, there were minor fluctuations in the matter density in the Universe. This is related to the theory of inflation.Due to gravitation, the parts that had a little more density to start with gathered more mass from the surrounding areas, thus forming galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters.
Everything. Without it there wouldn't be any galaxies. And no other force seems to have much effect, although electromagnetism may have early effects in shaping the "arms".
For a start, look up "Local Group" in the Wikipedia. This will show you a list of nearby galaxies.
Gas
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Yes, that is correct. Elliptical galaxies are characterized by their elliptical or egg-shaped appearance and lack spiral arms of interstellar gas and dust. Unlike spiral galaxies, which have a flattened disk shape with spiral arms, elliptical galaxies have a more rounded or elongated shape. They are composed mainly of older stars and contain little to no ongoing star formation. Elliptical galaxies also tend to have less interstellar gas and dust compared to spiral galaxies.
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About a million years
In a galaxy, there are stars, the stars' planets, and the planets' moons. There are comets, asteroids, gas, dust, emptiness. You'll find nebula (star-forming regions) and black holes. In most galaxies, there is one supermassive black hole in the center that holds the entire galaxy together.
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Stars come in a variety of types. Blue stars, which are very hot, tend to have shorter lifetimes than red stars, which are cooler. Regions of galaxies where stars are currently forming are therefore bluer than regions where there has been no recent star formation. Spiral galaxies seem to have a lot of gas and dust, while elliptical galaxies have very little gas or dust.