A transistor, working in active mode, can amplify a current in a circuit.
A seríes circuit will not work when a component burns out, because then no current can pass around the circuit.
This type of circuit is known as a parallel circuit.
An open circuit.
A memory component is a basic type of integrated circuit which is used to store data or computer programs.
A discrete component is one where the package contains only one circuit element. The opposite is an "integrated circuit" (aka a "silicon chip" or "chip") where a package contains many circuit elements. It's not that "discrete" is a type of resistor, it's that a resistor is a type of discrete component.
A parallel circuit is an electrical circuit that has more than one current branch.
In a parallel circuit, current is divided between each of the 'branches', according to their resistance.
No single type of component does this, it is done by a circuit composed of many different components.
I believe you are describing a series circuit. One total current flows through each component, and each component has an associated voltage drop. When all the voltage drops are added together, they should equal the source voltage.
There is no single 'formula' for this, as the maximum current a circuit can handle depends on the temperature the various components within that circuit can operate at, without deterioration. There are so many factors involved, such as the type of component, the type of insulation, whether it can cool naturally or whether it must be force cooled, etc. Every circuit must be considered on an individual basis.
That would be DC or Direct Current.
Current will cease to flow in a series electrical circuit.