NADH is the primary electron and oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor in the aerobic
membrane bound electron transport chain. The overall electron transfer reactions can be
described by the reaction
2 NADH + 2H+ + O2 --> 2 NAD+ + 2 H2O
If the above reaction takes place in an aqueous solution at pH 7.6, at 25o C, with the
following steady state product and substrate concentrations: [NAD+] = 20.0 mM, [NADH]
= 10.0 mM, and oxygen at a partial pressure of 100.0 torr, calculate the free-energy change
for this oxidation of NADH by oxygen. The standard state for a gas is a pressure of 1 atm
or 760 torr. The biochemical standard state for hydrogen ion is pH 7, or 10-7 M. The
universal gas constant is 8.314472 J K-1mol-1. Standard Gibbs free energy change at pH 7.6
and 25 o C for the above reaction is -220.3 kJ mol-1. Zero degrees Celsius is equivalent to
273.15 degrees Kelvin.
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Question 2 on next page
2
Question 2. [10 marks]
A new strain of yeast is being considered for biomass production in a chemostat reactor.
2a) Sketch a typical chemostat reactor, and by using a simple material balance on the
limiting substrate in the absence of endogenous metabolism given as;
, prove that
where is the maintenance coefficient based on substrate S, is the
apparent yield, while is a constant.
2b) The following data were obtained using the reactor and the proven equation in (a)
above. An influent substrate concentration of 800 mg/L and an excess of oxygen were
used at a pH of 5.5 and T = 350C. Using the following data, calculate m, Ks, M
X S Y / , kd, and
ms, assuming d
s
m
net k
K S
S
Dilution
rate (h-1)
Carbon substrate
concentration (mg/L)
Cell concentration
(mg/L)
0.1 16.7 366
0.2 33.5 407
0.3 59.4 408
0.4 101 404
0.5 169 371
0.6 298 299
0.7 702 59
dt
dS
V
Y
V q X
Y
FS FS V X R
P S
M R P
X S
R g
/ /
0
1 1
D
m
Y Y
s
M
X S
AP
X S
/ /
1 1
M
X S
d
s Y
k
m
/
AP
X S Y /
M
X S Y /
It gets the ladies drenched((;
The physical properties are hardness, cleavage, color, and luster.Halite does not have any chemical properties.
No, halite is a chloride
Yes, Halite is an Inorganic.
No, Halite is not a magnetic mineral.
its salty
taste
It gets the ladies drenched((;
Halite is a mineral that is named for salt and is commonly known as rock salt. One special thing about halite is that its properties allow it to be used for food preservation as well as a treatment for roads during the winter.
Halite is a very soft mineral on the Mohs Hardness Scale. Generally around 2-2.5. The type of cleavage is cubic, meaning 3 directions at 90 degrees. A very diagnostic property is that it has a salty taste. Also halite tends to be transparent.
The physical properties are hardness, cleavage, color, and luster.Halite does not have any chemical properties.
Halite is tablesalt.
what is the symbol for halite
halite is odorless
No, halite is a chloride
Yes, Halite is an Inorganic.
Halite, or salt.