Aperture refers to the mechanism that controls the amount of light that is allowed through the lens to reach the film or sensor. Fundamentally in brighter light you need less light passing through generally, whereas in low light situations you need more light to get to the film or sensor. So In brigher locations the aperture setting (called an "f-stop") will be higher, meaning a smaller opening, and in low light locations the f-stop willl be a lower number, meaning a larger opening. The other major parameter of the shot will be shutter speed, again affecting the amount of light allowed to reach the film or sensor. One of the most interesting things about aperture is that with a lower setting you get what's called greater "depth of field" -- you've seen pictures where the subject is in focus but everything in front or behind the subject looks fuzzy and out of focus. This is almost always a function of a lower f-stop because when the opening is larger more of the lens curvature is used, and it is the curvature which does this. If you used a high f-stop, then more of the picture is in focus, both in front of and behind the subject.
It affects DOF (Depth of field)(Bigger aperture, narrower DOF). And it affects light too. Aperture is measured in f/stops. Such as f/2.8 f/1.8 f/22 f/11.
It depends on what you're taking a picture of. A wide aperture (F2) lets in more light and so is better in low light conditions, or when you have to use a fast shutter speed (eg. taking an 'action' shot). A narrow aperture (F11) gives you a greater field depth, ie objects near to you and far away will be in sharper focus. This is useful when you're taking photos of landscape/scenery.
Aperture is term used in the field of optics. Simply put, it is a hole in which light can freely pass through. The way the Aperture is made affects how the light is refracted onto the surface.
Aperture.
The smaller the aperture, the more light enters the camera and onto the film. Also, the higher the aperture number the better the depth of field.
An aperture ring affects the SLR camera because you turn it to adjust light and focus.
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Usually, one would change the aperture to compensate for the change in shutter speed in order to keep the level of exposure the same. Changing the aperture affects the depth of field.
Possible over and or under-exposure. But basically, in English, it effects the brightness/exposure of your image.
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small aperture= short focal range (this means less of the picture will be in focus...sounds like a bad thing but creates more artistic photos with blurry background and sharp subjects) large aperture= long focal range (objects far and close will remain in focus)
The shutter speed setting controls the picture exposure, or how dark or bright the picture will be. Wikipedia has some very good information on shutter speed and aperture.