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It depends on how much voltage you have applied.

If you apply rated voltage nothing happens only core losses will be there on the transformer nothing will happen apart from that. If you go on increase the voltage core losses will increase and transformer will get heated up. After attaining the breakdown voltage of insulation, insulation in the primary and secondary will fail and the coils will get short circuited then the coils will burn.

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Q: What happens when a transformer is operated at no load with high voltage?
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Can a high voltage transformer be megged with a megger meter?

No. A megger's output voltage is not high enough to test the insulation of a high-voltage transformer if, by 'high-voltage transformer ', you mean a distribution transformer or power transformer. Instead, a high-voltage test set or 'pressure tester' (e.g. a 'HiPot' tester) must be used, as these produce far higher voltages.


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A step-up transformer.


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