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In 1943 Germany was in a desperate situation. While they controlled most of Europe and still had plenty of fight left in them, their capacity for offensive warfare was beginning to wane. This was due to the steady bombing campaign that the Allies had begun over their factories and their conquered territories, and because of the stress of fighting a two-front war: one front being in Italy and the other front being in the Soviet Union.

Hitler opened the year of 1943 with a plan for an offensive on the Eastern Front that would crush a Russian salient jutting out towards the city of Kursk. He hoped that by pinching off the salient and annihilating the trapped Russian forces once he had done so, he would be able to open a hole in the Soviet line and exploit that hole for more gains to the East.

In the largest tank battle in the history of the world, the Russians and the Germans fought at Kursk. The Germans fought hard, but they could not break the Russian line. A devastating Russian counterattack took everything the Germans had gained after the first week or so of fighting back, and the Germans were suddenly put on the defensive for the first time in the war.

The Soviet tide, which had been pushed back and reduced thanks to the German offensives throughout 1941 and 1942, as well as the first half of 1943, began rolling west. The Germans quickly discovered that fighting off the Russians would be difficult, given that they were expected an Allied invasion in France at any time and that they were fighting an Allied invasion force in Italy. That wasn't counting the fact that Mussolini's regime in Italy was in danger of collapsing, and the relentless aerial bombardment that Germany was now being hammered by. The Germans simply did not have the means to truly stop the Russian hordes: only to slow them down. 1943 ended with the Russians having taken back all of the Ukraine, and preparing to invade Belorussia (Belarus) and take that back from the Germans as well.

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Q: What happened in the summer of 1943 on the Russian front?
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