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Q: What does a transceiver do?
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A device that transmits on one frequency and receives on another?

a transceiver


What is ultrasonic transceiver?

In general a transciever is a device that is both a TRANSmitter and a reCEIVER. In practice an ultrasonic transceiver sends out sound waves at a frequency well above 20,000 cycles per second, and over a short distance will sense the reflections of these waves. Electronics attached to the receiver portion of the device are able to calculate the distance to the reflecting object. This device was used in the Polaroid SX70 made in the 1970s as part of the automatic focussing mechanism of the camera.


Waveguide of a microwave?

A waveguide, is a hollow rectangular tube, designed to channel microwaves from the Magnetron to the outside world. Rather than use a wire, this is found to be the best way to transfer microwaves at 3 cm to 10cm wavelength. (Some 10cm systems use large coax instead) They are normally found on radar systems, to transfer the signal to and from the rotating scanner to the transceiver unit. Modern radars keep the length of the waveguide to a minimum, by housing the transceiver in the motor unit of the scanner, instead of a separate room.


How ultrasonic flaw detector constructed?

ANSWER I'm assuming you are referring to a machine used to conduct an ultrasonic non-destructive test. Generally speaking, the machine works like this sonar: an ultrasonic transceiver creates a mechanical pulse and measures the time it takes for the echo to return. The echo delay time indicates how far into the material the sound wave went before it was reflected. This reflection happens because the material stops -- usually it's either the far side of the material, or a flaw. For instance, inspecting a solid metal plate of constant thickness is pretty straightforward. Visualize, or mark, an inspection grid on the plate being inspected. Place the transceiver at the first grid location and fire a pulse. Measure the echo time and store it. Repeat for all the grid locations, and then plot the times. The plot could be a three dimensional plot, in which case it would look very much like a scaled drawing of the plate. Or it could be two dimensional and use color to indicate the echo times. Either way, a flaw is indicated where the time changes from the expected value. Naturally, you would typically take multiple readings and average them. You might also calculate the variation in readings to determine how good a measurement you have. Also, there is usually another medium required to help couple the ultrasonic signal into the material to be inspected, called a couplant. It usually is a clear gel. The test could be run on a machine that positions the transceiver (or moves the plate and holds the transceiver still) using an X-Y table. It could also use a line of multiple transceivers and move the plate past them in one direction. Or an entire array of transceivers could be placed over the plate and the entire echo time map could be measured all at the same time. The transceiver is usually driven with a single strong pulse. You usually get better results if the pulse looks more like a sine than a square wave, because square waves include other frequencies besides the one you are driving and these other frequencies use some of the power. The reason to prefer a single frequency is that the received signal usually is passed through a very tight bandpass filter to avoid recording false echoes. A single pulse reduces uncertainty in the time measurement, where multiple pulses are easier to detect. The receiver is usually not enabled until the transmitter has finished driving the output signal, and this establishes a minimum echo time that can be measured. Some receivers use adjustable gain amplifiers with the gain increasing with time because the longer it takes for the echo to return, the more material the signal has to pass through, and the weaker the echo will be. [note that I've left out any discussion of propagation velocity, signal spread, etc.]


Mention the parts available in basic cellular system?

The architecture of most cellular systems can be broken down into the following six components: a) Mobile Station (MS): A mobile station is basically a mobile or wireless device that contains a control unit, a transceiver and an antenna system for data and voice transmission. For example, in GSM networks, the mobile station will consist of the mobile equipment (ME) and the SIM card. b) Air Interface Standard: There are three main air interface protocols or standards: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA). These standards are basically the medium access control (MAC) protocols that define the rules for entities to access the communication medium. These air interface standards allow many mobile user to share simultaneously the finite amount of radio channels. c) Base Station (BS): A base station is a fixed station in a mobile cellular system used for radio communications with mobile units. They consist of radio channels and transmitter and receiver antenna mounted on a tower. d) Gateway: The gateway is the communication links between two wireless systems or between wireless and wired systems. There are two logical components inside the Gateway: mobile switching center (MSC) and interworking function (IWF). The MSC connects the cellular base stations and the mobile stations to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other MSC. It contains the EIR database. The IWF connects the cellular base stations and the mobile stations to Internet and perform protocol translation if needed. e) Databases: Another integral component of a cellular system is the databases. There are two main databases: the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR). The HLR contains the information of each subscriber who resides in the same city as the mobile switching center (MSC). The VLR temporarily stores the information for each visiting subscriber in the coverage area of a MSC. The VLR is the database that supports roaming capability. f) Security Mechanism: The security mechanism is to confirm that a particular subscriber is allowed to access the network and also to authenticate the billing. There are two databases used for security mechanism: Equipment Identify Register (EIR) and Authentication Center (AuC). The EIR identifies stolen or fraudulently altered phones that transmit identity data that does not match with information contained in either the HLR or VLR. The AuC, on the other hand, manages the actual encryption and verification of each subscriber.