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A2. The whole of the lake volume does not freeze in winter. Due to the fact that ice expands when it freezes, and consequently floats. My old science teacher pointed out that this is a GOOD THING, so the fish don't get stuck!

A1. Fish benefit from many properties of water; just to name a few, water's capability as an oxygen carrier enables the proper functioning of fish's respiratory and metabolic processes, and its properties as a solvent allows the precise concoction of solutes and molecules that dictates the balance of the entire ecosystem.

The unique property of water that specifically enables aquatic life forms to survive drastic temperature changes, however, however, is the same property that is largely responsible for providing the suitable conditions allowing the formation of life on Earth: The high specific heat capacity of water.

Specific heat capacity is a measurable physical quantity that represents the amount of heat per unit mass required to change the temperature of a substance by a degree. Therefore, the high specific heat capacity of water sets forth a large thermal energy requirement for each degree of change in temperature.

Consequently, a large shift in above-surface temperature (e.g., 30 degrees Celsius) translates to a much smaller shift in the water temperature (e.g., 10 degrees Celsius). In other words, a large body of water can be thought of as a thermally stable system resistant to temperature shifts.

This very special property of water is a result of the extensive hydrogen bonding between the individual water molecules. This network of intermolecular interactions that enables water to absorb a large amount of energy before undergoing change is also responsible for other unique thermodynamic properties of water such as its high boiling point.

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Q: What are the special properties of water that enables fish to survive in lakes that freeze in the winter?
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