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Females:

- Infections that have spread to the uterus from diseases such as Chlamydia, Haemophilus somnus, Neosporosis, Tuberculosis and Vibrosis,

- Infections from Dystocia (difficult birth) when the calf was manipulated and the uterine wall was damaged causing Metritis; Bacterial Metritis more serious than a minor infection which a cow will normally recover from very quickly; Retained placenta where pieces of placenta stayed in the uterus causing infection.

- Any other illness or injury that has caused serious infection to the animal

- Lameness from overgrown hooves, hoof rot, or laminitis

- Cystic/Tumored ovaries (in cows) or underdeveloped ovaries (in heifers)

- Physical abnormalities of the reproductive tract including Blind Tube Vagina (vagina isn't attached to the uterus), Persistent Hymen, inflammation of the cervix or vagina, uterus adhering to adjacent stomach or intestines or abdominal wall (last three more likely to occur after a difficult birth or a C-section).

- Freemartinism in heifers (occurs only when the heifer is born with a twin bull)

- Nutritional stress or heavy milking after calving

- Nutritional deficiencies from lack of such nutrients like Selenium, Copper, Vitamin A, E, K or B, Molybdenum, Magnesium, Calcium, etc.

- Heat stress

- Poor body condition (cow or heifer is much too thin)

- Poor diet (diet is too high in fibre and too low in essential nutrients)

- Inferior conformation (too masculine and not feminine enough)

For bulls:

- Enlarged or swollen testicles (injury or infection)

- Any sort of infection, illness that causes the bull to go off feed, will decrease sperm count and libido

- Poor body conformation

- Poor body condition

- Poor scrotal conformation and circumference for his age and breed

- Injury or abnormality to the penis (broken penis, penile deviation, foreskin abnormality, hair rings formed in the sheath, foreskin prolapse, penile warts, etc.)

- Lameness

- Poor nutrition and poor feed

- Heat and cold stress

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