Yes. You're "supposed to" have an ASCAP/BMI public performance to play copyrighted music at your dorm party.
see: http://www.knowthemusicbiz.com/index.php/BIZ-WIKI/Licensing-&-Royalties/Public-Performance-Royalties-and-Licenses.html I wouldn't bother. It would cost more to enforce the stupid rules. I own a bar in Yonkers, The Haunt and they have never bothered me.
Without a license, yes.
Generally it is the venue that is required to obtain a public performance license.
Without a license, yes. You have created a copy (there's one on the server, and now one locally), which is one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder.
You should be able to use it in face-to-face teaching without a license.
Showing a movie without sound would still be considered a public performance, which would require a license.
Under US law, yes. A work is protected by copyright as soon as it is created, and it would be a violation of copyright to copy IN ANY WAY even an unpublished draft work without the consent of the copyright holder.
When you directly quote what someone else has written without their written consent. When you offer free downloading of a popular song that was just released or is still in copyright (95 years in most cases).
No
Unfortunately there are no clear guidelines on how much of a work can be used without a license.
With a license, yes. Without a license, no.
No. That is in violation of the 11th Amendment.
With a license, yes. Without a license, no.