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How does an auto focus camera work?

Updated: 8/17/2019
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15y ago

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Autofocus works in one of three ways:

# Infrared light reflects off the subject and back to a photocell, and a computer calculates the distance based on the length of time it took for the light to travel out and back. A motor then focuses the lens. Limited range.

# A transducer emits and receives ultrasound, instead of light. Everything else works the same. This was popular some years ago, but has been supplanted by contrast focusing because it did not work at longer ranges or through glass (such as a window pane).

# Most common now, and most precise, software in the camera adjusts the focus by means of an electric motor until maximum contrast of the image is reached. A poorly-focused image has fuzzy edges, therefore lower contrast, than a sharply-focused image. This has the advantage of working at any distance, through all transparent media, and facilitates the use of interchangeable lenses. The disadvantage is that it requires supplementary light to function well in dim situations, such as indoors without flash. This can make it somewhat slower than the other two methods. Some cameras have built-in supplementary light using LEDs, and others use a preliminary flash.

Professionals prefer to focus by hand in difficult situations when time permits, and some turn off auto-focus entirely except for special situations like fast sports. Even then, pre-focusing can render good results.

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