Why are bulbs brighter in some circuits and dimmer in others?

Answer 1

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Does dimming a light actually reduce the power consumption? Most of these use variable regulators, so where does the "lost" part of the a. c. waveform from the mains go if not into heat in the regulator itself?

Answer 2

Many dimming technologies have been used over the years, including motorized rheostats, autotransformers, magnetic amplifiers, vacuum tubes, and vats of salt water. Some of the ones that are more commercially successful are listed below.

Rheostats:

In the early 1900's, a large variable resistor called a rheostat was used to reduce the energy to the lightbulb. This resulted in high power dissipation in the 'dimmer' and no energy savings: all power was either heating the light or heating the dimmer.

Solid-state Dimmers:

Some dimmers use solid-state devices such as triacs to turn the power applied to the load on and off 120 times per second. By varying the time the power is off, the light gets brighter and dimmer. However, triac dimmers distort the sinusoidal AC waveform so cannot be used to drive motors. Triac dimmers also switch off 120 times a second while high current is flowing, creating noise (audible and electronic) and requiring filtering.

Newer solid state dimmers use IGBT devices that switch on slowly and off at zero current, reducing noise but generating more heat.

Sine wave solid state dimmers are also avaialble, that produce true sine wave output at any voltage output.

Modern dimmers using triacs are >99% efficient, however there is still some small dissipation in the triac. This causes the dimmer to become slightly warm to the touch.

Some dimmers are included in the lighting instrument, and move a mechanical shutter in front of the light source, or electronically dim the source (as with LEDs).