It has it's origins with Gautama Buddha over 2500 years ago. It was initially fairly reclusive in nature. Participants were expected to live with a minimum of possessions which, along with food and shelter when needed, were to be voluntarily provided by the lay community. After the death of the Buddha, Buddhist monastic orders developed into communal movements.
When adopting the ways of Christian Monasticism, one has to renounce worldly pursuits to fully devote oneself to spiritual work. Monastic life plays a very important role in many Christian churches, especially in the Catholic and Orthodox tradition.
Pierre Salmon has written: 'The abbot in monastic tradition' -- subject(s): History, Monasticism and religious orders, Religious Superiors
the cluny reform's purpose was to reform the error in monasticism. Monasticism had become corrupt and secular--monks thought they were cultural saviors, and thought they were higher, morally than others. The Cluny Reform was to fix those erros and to reform the thoughts behind monastic living and tradition.
Answer 1: Assuming western monasticism; the founder of western monasticism is widely considered to be St. Benedict of Nursia.
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yes
Monasticism is a life of living apart from society in order to better worship.
St. Antony of Egypt originally developed monasticism of the solitary, hermit type. St. Benedict of Nursia developed the cenobites, or monks who lived together in monasteries, this later type of monasticism became the overwhelming type that all western monasticism following for the next fourteen centuries.
No, there are no Muslim monks as monasticism is prohibited by Islam. Many European Jews observed monasticism although Judaism, likewise prohibits it. Monasticism is only seen among many Christian sects.
yes
St. Benedict of Nursia is called the Father of Western Monasticism.