Read the roll mark on the rifle.
no it does not
Yes. This single-shot rifle can fire 22 short, long, and long rifle. The long rifle preferred by Savage, because of its increased accuracy. Some rifle owners complained about using short ammunition, because the small shell sometimes jamed.
Yes
CF
The difference is explained in the name. A rim fire rifle uses ammunition where the hammer strikes the rim of the bullet. In a center fire rifle, the hammer hits the the center of the bullet. Rim fire ammunition is usually small, like a .22, and center fire ammo is generally larger.
Savage/Stevens, Marlin and Mossberg all made guns under the Western Auto Brand name. Colt even made a revolver under Western Auto, the model 880A-ECH. Since you specified hi power bolt action rifle, without more information I would guess the Savage model 340 or possibly the Savage 110. I am also fairly certain that there was a Mossberg center fire bolt action rifle made branded under Western Auto. Plus there are others. If you have the model number off of the barrel of your rifle it will help identify exactly which rifle you have.
Any rifle that the firing pin strikes the bullet casing right in the center of the casing, causing it to discharge is called a "Center Fire Rifle." In contrast a "Rim Fire Rifle" the firing pin strikes the edge or rim of the bullet casing causing it to discharge.
The part which the bullet comes out of....
Ruger is one.
The barrel should be stamped 30-30 winchester.
Well over 1000.
30/06