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No one really knows the cause of the big bang as we cannot see any further back than the 3K microwave blackbody radiation, when matter and energy decoupled about 1 to 2 billion years after the moment of the big bang. No stars or atoms or even subatomic particles existed at the moment of the big bang. Not even space or time (as we understand them) existed at the moment of the big bang. All that existed at the moment of the big bang was an empty quantum vacuum (which is not allowed by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle). What happened to convert an empty quantum vacuum to our expanding universe full of matter and energy has generated many (mostly untestable) ideas:

  • a quantum vacuum fluctuation produced one ultramassive particle/antiparticle pair, which decayed to less massive particles (losing antimatter in the process due to a broken symmetry) while space expanded dragging the particles with it.
  • one form of string theory proposes infinite numbers of rapidly vibrating membranes of 4 dimensional spacetimes a few millimeters apart in the undetectable extra dimensions. The big bang began when our spacetime membrane and an adjacent spacetime membrane slapped into each other. The shockwave generated in each spacetime membrane is driving a big bang in each.
  • another idea is spacetime foam, with billions (maybe infinite) big bangs happening as space expands dragging the bubble universes apart just faster than it expands the bubble universes (so we can never see any).
  • etc.

Also it is very important to realize that the big bang is not just an event in the past starting the expansion, it is a continuing process that is happening now, it is the expansion of space dragging matter and energy along with it.

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Q: Did the Big-bang occur because of explosion of supernova star or a small mass of atom?
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