A monster's effect, unless stated otherwise, can only be activated while it is face-up on the field. For a monster to be able to use an effect while in the graveyard, it needs to specifically say so, like Plaguespreader Zombie, or say "when this card is destroyed and sent to the graveyard".
Yes. An effect is not only activated when it is sent to the Graveyard. If it does not state any conditions, it can be assumed that it is an Ignition Effect.
This would depend on the wording of the card's lore. If the card states that "...when this card is sent to the Graveyard..." or "...if this card is destroyed by a card effect...", then it would imply that the effects are activated when it hits the Graveyard. However, if the card states "...when this card is destroyed by battle...", then this would imply that the effect would only activate if it attacked or was attacked and destroyed during the Damage Step. As for Flip Effect Monsters, their effects would only apply if they were flipped face-up before they were destroyed. If not, then their effects are not activated.
No, sending the card is a cost to activate the effect. So basically when the effect has been activated as chain link 1, the Spell/Trap card is no longer on the field and therefore can't be activated in chain.
You can activate spells and traps, and then chain Emergency Provisions at the end, sending all those activated cards to the graveyard for the cost. Unless a card's effect is 'negated', removing the activating card from the field will not stop the effect resolving. So all those spells and traps will resolve correctly - unless they are cards that need to stay on the field, like continuous, Equip cards, or Field spells.
It is a trap card so is spell speed 2, both for its initial activation and also its graveyard activation. It can be used in the battle phase, just not during the Damage Step.
No, if you activate a Spell card, you abide by the effect(s) stated on the card and carry them out.
If the card states "...discard to the Graveyard" while Macro Cosmos is active, that effect cannot be activated. If it merely states "...discard...to activate" then the discarded card is removed from play instead and the effect carries out.
The damage from Graverobber is applied when you activate the spell card.
As a matter of fact, yes. The end of Anubis does negate Stardust Dragon's effect as long as he is on the field. Since Stardust Dragon's effect activates in the graveyard, and The End of Anubis' effect states "Monster cards that designate a card(s) in the graveyard or activate in the graveyard are negated."
This would depend on the wording of the card's lore. If the card states that "...when this card is sent to the Graveyard..." or "...if this card is destroyed by a card effect...", then it would imply that the effects are activated when it hits the Graveyard. However, if the card states "...when this card is destroyed by battle...", then this would imply that the effect would only activate if it attacked or was attacked and destroyed during the Damage Step. As for Flip Effect Monsters, their effects would only apply if they were flipped face-up before they were destroyed. If not, then their effects are not activated.
No. Infernity Necromancer has to be on the field to use its effect to special summons other Infernity monsters from the graveyard. Monsters can only special summon themselves from the graveyard if they specifically say they can activate in the graveyard - Plaguespreader Zombie for example. However even if Infernity Necromancer could activate in the graveyard, it is specifically prohibited from targeting a card called Infernity Necromancer anyway.
In general, a monster's effect can only be used while it is face-up on the field. If it can activate in a different zone, such as hand (Gorz, Emissary of Darkness) graveyard (Necro Gardna) or while banished (Stardust Dragon) then it will say so on the card. This is why a card such as Cyber Dragon cannot freely summon itself from the graveyard every time the condition is correct - it summons from hand. Evil HERO Infernal Gainer has no such text, therefore the cost of banishing it to activate its effect, can only be performed while it is face-up on the field.
Yes, if a card effect activating from the Graveyard will destroy a monster, Spell, or Trap card "Stardust Dragon" can be activated to negate the effect. Even though "Stardust Dragon" states that it destroys and negates cards, it can still negate an effect resolving in the Graveyard; the card in the Graveyard simply will not/ cannot be destroyed.
Soul RopeTRAP/NormalActivate only by paying 1000 Life Points when a monster you control is destroyed and sent to the Graveyard. Special Summon 1 Level 4 monster from your Deck.Soul Rope is activated when a monster is destroyed and sent to the Graveyard. This means that you can activate it when a monster you control is destroyed by battle or by another card effect. You cannot activate Soul Rope if the monster was destroyed during the Damage Step via a card effect such as a Defense Position Berserk Gorilla because the timing would not be correct. You also cannot activate this card if there is an effect that prevents your monster from being sent to the Graveyard (ie. D.D. Warrior or Macro Cosmos).
No, sending the card is a cost to activate the effect. So basically when the effect has been activated as chain link 1, the Spell/Trap card is no longer on the field and therefore can't be activated in chain.
When the card is destroyed, the effect is no longer in effect. Once a card is in the graveyard can not be used unless specifically stated on that card.
You will resolve the chain in reverse order. Scapegoat will summon the four 'Sheep Tokens' but its card will remain on the field for a moment. Resolved cards on the chain only go to the graveyard after the whole chain has resolved, or, when something destroys them. Mystical Space Typhoon's effect will resolve next, destroying the Scapegoat card and sending it to the graveyard. Lastly Mystical Space Typhoon's card will go to the graveyard.
You can activate spells and traps, and then chain Emergency Provisions at the end, sending all those activated cards to the graveyard for the cost. Unless a card's effect is 'negated', removing the activating card from the field will not stop the effect resolving. So all those spells and traps will resolve correctly - unless they are cards that need to stay on the field, like continuous, Equip cards, or Field spells.